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Sultan Hussein Mua'zzam Shah ibni Mahmud Shah Alam〔Bastin, Winks, ''Malaysia: Selected Historical Readings'', pg 130〕 (1776 – 5 September 1835)〔Marcus Scott-Ross, ''See Historical Malacca in One Day'', pg 22〕 was the 18th ruler of Johor-Riau.〔(Sejarah Kesultanan Negeri Johor ), Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Daerah Kota Tinggi (Official Web Portal of Kota tinggi district), retrieved 12 March 2009〕 He was best remembered for signing two treaties with Britain which culminated in the founding of modern Singapore; during which he was given recognition as the Sultan of Johor and Singapore in 1819 and the Sultan of Johor in 1824.〔British-American Claims Arbitral Tribunal, ''American and British Claims Arbitration'', pg 6 Sultan Ali was the descendant of the Sultans of Johore. His father, Hussain, had been recognised as Sultan of Johore by Britain in 1824.〕 However, Sultan Hussein was regarded as no more than a British puppet, at least during the first few years of his reign. Towards his last years of his reign and during the first half of his son's reign as the Sultan of Johor, limited recognition was given by a few nobles.〔Aruna Gopinath, ''Pahang, 1880-1933: A Political History'', pg 23 Bendahara Ali was one of the first few rulers to adjust himself to the new situation and gave Sultan Hussein of Singapore his due recognition...〕 The British were concerned mainly with their own economic and political gains.〔Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 110-1〕 ==Succession dispute== Sultan Mahmud Shah III died in 1812 after reigning for more than fifty years. He named no heir formally. He left behind two sons by two different women, both of whom were of Buginese extraction. The older son, Hussein Shah stood the better chance of succeeding his father by primogeniture over his younger half-brother, Abdul Rahman.〔Turnbull, ''A Short History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei'', pg 97〕 Hussein Shah, however, was away in Pahang when his father died. The Bugis faction, led by the underking Yamtuan Muda Raja Ja'afar, supported Abdul Rahman as successor and hastily organised a coronation ceremony before Hussein Shah could return. Raja Ja'afar, in exchange for his support for Abdul Rahman (now Sultan), was appointed as Regent and wielded administrative authority.〔Trocki, ''Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885'', pg 36〕 Hussein Shah was in Pahang, waiting for the monsoon winds to arrive, and was unaware of his brother's installation as the Sultan. Raja Ja'afar had written a letter to Hussein Shah, notifying him of Sultan Mahmud's death, but concealed his brother's ascension as the Sultan. Bendahara Tun Ali brought letters to Lingga, reporting Abdul Rahman's coronation during Hussein Shah's stay in Pahang. Hussein Shah sailed from Pahang to Lingga when the monsoon winds arrived, and was received by Sultan Abdul Rahman, who offered to abdicate in his favor. But he quickly backtracked after Raja Ja'afar made threats against Sultan Abdul Rahman.〔Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 77〕Hussein Shah remained in exile in the Riau Islands. Questions pertaining to the legitimacy of Sultan Abdul Rahman's reign were raised; the royal regalia were still in the hands of Engku Putri Hamidah, the primary consort of the late Sultan, who had stated her support for Tengku Hussein as successor. In addition, Hussein Shah also had the support of the ''Temenggongs'' and Malay nobles, which made the prospect of putting a legitimate successor in place difficult.〔Trocki, ''Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control'', pg 82〕 Sultan Abdul Rahman devoted himself increasingly to religion; he had delegated all administrative duties to Raja Ja'afar by the time William Farquhar approached the Sultan to secure an alliance with the British in an attempt to reduce Dutch influence in the region.〔Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 90〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hussein Shah of Johor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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